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CUANDO EL PERIODISMO Y LA LITERATURA SE ALÍAN

Algún día, cuando se escriba la historia literaria de la América Latina de principios de este siglo, se tendrá que reconocer que las grandes innovaciones de la prosa latinoamericana vinieron de la mano de los editores, de los cronistas, de los periodistas, de los escritores de non-fiction. En esa historia por contar se verá el notable papel some magazines: Leopard (established in Colombia, published today in Mexico), Black Label Peruvian, Colombian The Malpensante , Chilean The Clinic , Mexican Letras Libres, Brazil Piauí , Argentina Hand.

One of the key features of these magazines is their formal and thematic flexibility. While Julio Villanueva Chang, director and founder of Black Label mentions that the journal is not journalistic or literary, the fact is that it is both things at once, as he says Toño Angulo Daneri, one of the journalists the first stage, Black Label "is a fundamentalist stronghold of narrative journalism." Andres Hoyos, editor of The Malpensante -magazine who moves comfortably in literary journalism and its various genres, arrives to assert forcefully: "We are interested in a well-written no matter much to speak." Martín Pérez, member of the board of directors Hand says the journal of "rock culture": "Although it seems that culture and rock are two words that do not get along together ... in Argentina was always rock understood as more than just music: it also has to do with what books to read, what movies see and a whole way of seeing the world. "Letras Libres , meanwhile, is a magazine more essays, more reflection.

These magazines tap into local traditions - Imagination Express to the Hand, the legendary Back Octavio Paz, in the case of Letras Libres - but the Anglo-Saxon tradition is certainly more influential: Vanity Fair , Mojo, Rolling Stone , Esquire , The New Yorker, Harper's , The New York Review of Books , Prospect . The Anglo-Saxon model appears everywhere: on the issue very carefully and the wide expanse of the texts in the extensive research done to write the chronicles. Rafael Gumucio critic even suggests that if by the major American writers boom were Faulkner and Hemingway, who now have are not writers like Jonathan Franzen or David Foster Wallace, but journalists, essayists, writers like Janet Malcolm, Susan Orlean and Jon Lee Anderson. The renewal of American prose is a starting point for new American journalism.

Mario Jursich, deputy director of The Malpensante , said that one of the keys of the magazine is its cosmopolitan spirit and the rejection of "provincial spirit, especially considering the huge role it has had a lean culture country like Colombia." The paradox of this cosmopolitanism is that the watertight compartments in moving the culture of Latin America mean that, in general, these magazines can only be collected in their respective countries of publication (international subscriptions are prohibitively so expensive). Leopard is that more effort has to be distributed throughout the continent reaches fifteen countries. In terms of internationalization, the vast majority or has failed or not it poses; Letras Libres is one of the exceptions in this panorama, it is an issue that is published in Spain, with articles and reviews that do not appear in the Mexican edition. Letras Libres also places the entire print issue on its website, and have blogs, as well as very complete file, including all Back library, unfortunately, most of the journals published few articles in the print edition and not offers much original material, there is still fear that the digital competition can devour the paper.

What is normal for these magazines have a circulation of between 5,000 and 10,000. Hand exceeds 10,000; The Malpensante reaches nearly 20,000, and Letras Libres to 38,000 in two editions; Leopard is the best selling: its three editions (Mexican, Andean pan-regional) reach 200,000. Due to the cost of paper, magazines are expensive and go mainly to middle-class segments, medium-high and high. These costs make it to highlight when a cultural magazine survives a couple of years in Latin America. The strange thing, however, is that although not all of these journals are commercial advertisers for support. Daniel Titinger, editorial director new Black Label supporters believe that, at bottom, is continuity.

In a continent so unstable, the great achievement for many seems to persist and endure. The editors of these journals, luckily, do not seem interested in making continuity an end in itself. Continue to risk each month (or every forty-five days, in the case of The Malpensante ), which is almost certain that in not all will be with us. There will be bad news and setbacks in this story, but it is essential that the foundations are constructed so that it can speak of a great new American tradition.

(supplement Babelia , The Country , March 29, 2008)

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BOLAÑOS WILD

exactly three years ago, in March 2005, at a meeting of Latin American literature in Lleida (Lérida) met Paco and Olga Robles Martínez, editors Kandy, an independent publishing house in a short time has become one of the most interesting in the English panorama. They told me they planned to start a collection of books devoted to contemporary English and Latin American authors. I was told that the first volume, on Enrique Vila-Matas was already underway, and would be accompanied by a DVD documentary with an interview and an approach to the world images of the author. As we walked toward the hotel, I remembered that once Faverón Gustavo had planned co-edit a volume of essays on Roberto Bolaño and I decided to offer the project. Before arriving at the hotel, the decision had been taken, and the project got underway.

When I returned to the United States, I realized how overwhelming the work: the books of Celina Manzoni ( Roberto Bolaño: literature as bullfighting , 2002) and Patricia Espinosa ( Territories flight: studies critical of the work of Roberto Bolaño , 2003), have opened remarkable paths of study, but Bolaño's death in 2003 and the publication in 2004 of the monumental 2666 novel had quickly become a canonical author, not only for central Latin American literature but also beyond the American continent. With Gustav, we began to think of the main thrusts of the book. Gustavo wrote an essay on Bolaño's relations with Argentina literature, I would take care of the introduction. We think a good title would Bolaño wild, since it referred only to The Savage Detectives ; also wanted to suggest how little had been domesticated in his fleeting passage Bolaño the literary world, his vocation as a sniper.

Kandy was interested in a volume that went beyond the academic audience, had to select the best texts on increasingly Bolaño profuse literature, writers and critics of reference in the world of the Chilean writer and make a public announcement in an attempt to receive academic work at that time were studying the work of Bolaño. As Gustavo and I were dedicated to it throughout 2006, Kandy began to prepare the documentary on Bolaño, getting to do that was directed by Eric Haasnoot, a Dutch based makes it a good time in Barcelona.

We were surprised how much academic work arrived. From Latin America, U.S., Europe. Select the best, most representative, was not easy, he had to think about a balance and try to cover all the work-for example, came several very good jobs on Star distant, so that one class had to be excluded - and also to appreciate the state of the art ': a snapshot of how it was Bolaño reading today. Thus, we could have, among others, Manzoni (a pioneer in studies on Bolaño), Chris Andrews (one of the translators of Bolaño), critic and writer Peter Elmore Peruvian and Chilean critics young and Valeria de los Rios and Matthew Ayala. In those jobs were added the texts of critics and writers known: Vila-Matas, Strawberry, Villoro, Boulton, Pauls, Franz, Iwasaki, Volpi, Echevarría, Masoliver Rodenas.

send the manuscript in mid-2007. Months later, Kandy responded with their observations and comments. In the exchange of views, the book was finding its final form: over 500 pages, twenty-five essays that demonstrate how complex the Chilean writer's literary world, and the fascination of his person. Appeared an unpublished interview given by Sonia Hernandez and Marta Puig. The documentary, "Bolaño close", grew up to 40 minutes, Carolina López, Bolaño's widow, helped Eric allowing access to files.

As is the case with anthologies, there will be discussions: why this text was included, why they excluded these others. Gustavo and I took the risk and hope that Bolaño wild is a reference book that helps give a deeper insight of Roberto Bolaño, and allowed to continue enjoying and analyzing a narrative and poetic universe that still has many surprises to offer. The documentary, filmed in Blanes, Barcelona and Mexico City, will serve for a better contextualization of the work.

wild Bolaño, accompanied by the DVD will be released in early April. Paco and Olga, meanwhile, continue with their fervent and tireless work: Kandy issued also in April's place Piglia (edited by Jorge Carrion), and by October it announced a book about Juan Marse.

(Published in The Third Report of , March 23, 2008)

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THE BLOG AND THE XXI CENTURY LITERATURE

Literature is part of an ecology of competing media. Such competition can produce tense and stimulating dialogue, continuing appropriations of the effects produced by other means. The arrival of film, television and the computer did not mean, as some critics have even suggested apocalyptic, the end of the novels, poems. The writers have adapted to living with these means: novelists writing procedures incorporated into the film narrative derivatives, poets experimented with the font of the typewriter, but today, thanks to the Internet and computer technology facilities, the blog has appeared as a new literary genre; a new generation of writers use it as a fundamental part of his narrative project, while seeking to incorporate in their writing procedures learned in daily life with the media and emerging technologies.

When a new medium appears, at first tend to mimic existing otherwise: thus, for example, the silent movies of the early twentieth century had many debts to the theater, it was not until the late twenties for the film find its own language and distance of the theater. Because the medium is still very young, the predominant type of blog posts is that they really are columns of opinion or criticism that would look on the printed pages of a newspaper or magazine. There are those who have something of the diary, the notebook, the micro-stories or epigram. The blog format is new, but the language is still owned by other means and other genre.

The blog that uses multiple interactive possibilities of the Internet is announcing a new genre literature. The literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has tried to leave the dictatorship of the text and incorporate other media, was widely seen in the classic novels of the nineteenth and twentieth graphics accompanying the text (Kafka's famous refusal to be illustrated "Metamorphosis", arguing that the suggestive power of the text was enough for the reader) and more recently, WG Sebald became fashionable photographic images incorporating a fundamental part of the text and not as a mere illustration. These examples are timid when compared with all the possibilities that displays the blog to make the text incorporates images, videos, comments from readers. As the critical Mexican Heriberto Yepez, the blog is also "a work of visual art, which the author may redesign or upgrade with minimal knowledge of HTML or simple copy-paste ... What follows here is the media."

The blog is open to dialogue with the many interactive possibilities of the network, navigate to the reader: a post must contain many links that take us from here to there (articles, news, forums, blogs, videos) . The blog also allows readers to comment on the posts. Some bloggers make this impossible, which is against the nature of the blog: the ability to interact immediately and without filters with readers, to make the turn to post comments in a discussion forum. Some point to the danger that the blog becomes a kind of dictatorship of public opinion, which readers are not the author of determining the final text. That, however, is not new. An author's dialogue with readers has always happened, the blog intensify this dialogue, and makes it more likely that the opinion of a reader comes to the author.

The blog is a starting point for one of the ways of the XXI century literature. On the one hand, allows the appearance and self-publishing writers who do not follow the traditional mechanisms Publication of the publishing world (ironically, some blogs such as "reward" for their quality, end up being published as printed books, but the fact is that the true location of the blog is the network). Furthermore, thanks to computer and network, future stories, novels and poems were written incorporating other media such as the reader's opinion. The new digital reader (the Sony Reader, Kindle) will make this easier and transform not only our way of reading, will also transform the idea we have of the literature. In some years, it is not strange to be reading a novel on a digital readout and find a link to a video on YouTube to an entry in Wikipedia. Nor is rare that readers can send in real time, their comments to the author of a story or poem, and, as a result, the writer decides to change the plot of a story or rhyme a sonnet. The author does not die, but the literature will become more interactive. There is no reason for alarm: the literary establishment has shown extraordinary ingenuity in adapting to the challenges of other media.

(Published in the supplement Babelia of The Country , Saturday March 15, 2008)

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THE GIFT

Formed in 1994, the Portuguese group of electronic pop and took ten years to become known outside his country, and until 2007 to find, in its fourth compact, Easy to understand a real success. This year they played at the Teatro de Bellas Artes de Madrid, which indicates that this is not a pop group. Its sophisticated blend of traditional instruments in electronic music with others as the accordion and the harp, and their records, from both the jazz and rock, suggest that The Gift is trying to be for electronic pop Arcade Fire which is to rock. The singer of the quartet, Sonia Tavares, sings in English, which confuses matters further. Thanks to this group, those who thought that only produces Portugal's fado music sadder have to update their platitudes.

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BOOKS Headless

In one of the best pieces of Nutella Experience the Agustín Fernández Mallo novel just published, Mr A is a setting up a film studio when an accident occurs: the top of the frames you are seeing, as a third is cut. The experience teaches you something Mr. A: "That was not movies but in pure literature. She understood then that the book, reading the future, not the hypertext on the Internet or other technological lead, but that, see movies beheaded. "

I think of my books decapitated in the night table. The pile is growing: Experience Nutella (I'm on page 168), The Adventures of Barbaverde (I read the first two adventures of Aldo Sabor), A tomb for Boris Davidovich (stories here and there), Wonderland (Close reading on page 110), The synagogue of the iconoclastic (I'm halfway, but not excite me finish) was País will (Gelman's book is the shortest of all, but just ...) Baroni: A Journey , The general and his presidents (a history book about the German who led the Bolivian army for much of the first half of the twentieth century), Eden (I have not read anything Rossi yet), Gomorrah (read non fiction less than it should) ...

Books do not stop coming. Are you really want to read, read to fill those gaps, those who recommend friends, sent by publishers, which occupy the front pages of literary supplements, which are purchased because they found interesting in the library ... and I'm not the best books I have now in PDF on my MacBook Pro

I complain, but it is a compulsion: morning the battery will continue to grow and not do much to decrease (for each book completed , three others to enter the stack.) There waiting for me at the desk, I bought the book at the bookstore today Machado: Silver Bullets . I have said the novel Elmer Mendoza is very good.

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ELECTIONS IN SPAIN

7:56 pm: Election Day quiet. For a Latin American, it is surprising that no prohibition that the day of football to develop as if it were a Sunday more. Except for the treacherous ETA terrorist attack two days ago, the campaign has been very warm, with none of the candidates has been able to inspire the electorate. The inability of the PP surprised when reading the changes in English society during the last decade about Zapatero, he just does not make mistakes to win: Rajoy has made it very easy.

8:02: First exit poll surveys: the PSOE slash absolute majority, the resounding failure of the PP: 44.5% versus 37.5%. The nationalist parties lost seats.

8:07: The best article on today's Spain is Newsweek. The title says it all: "The end of the English Empire." Zapatero speaks of failure to become an international leader when Spain was in its best economic times, speaks of the economic slowdown and other problems that lie ahead for the English society. A good text to soften the mood, in times of socialist euphoria: the challenge is huge, hopefully the new government of Zapatero will match.

8:54: While I wait for new elections, I get to read the superrrealista Badin, a comic book I bought on my visit to the newly opened Caixa Forum Museum in Madrid. Max is a drawer full of stylistic devices, its Badin has debts with Chris Ware, and recovers to Buñuel and Dali to propose a reading surreal - or rather surrealist - of reality. The best: Badin dialogues with Cirlot in a bar, with cheap brandy in the middle.

appropriate

Just read Max election day.

9:24: With 20% of the votes counted, the PSOE has 46.3% and 36.9% PP. It emphasizes bipartisanship: falls Izquierda Unida, and Esquerra Republicana is a debacle: 8 Members 2004 to just 3 in this election (for now).

9:57: More than half of votes counted: 45.1% Zapatero, Rajoy to 39%. To observe the elections in real time, I suggest visiting the blog of Letras Libres, Draw perfect.

10:02: Now that is confirmed defeat, growing speculation about the need for the PP change course. Who will be the replacement of gray Rajoy? It is estimated that Esperanza Aguirre, thus there would be no shift to the center. Gallardón was a great asset for a modernization of the English right, his defeat in the internal battles does not augur well for the PP.

10:09: Two-thirds of the votes counted, shortens the gap to five points: 44.7% versus 39.4%. The PSOE has a quieter term: to have an absolute majority in Congress, only needs the support of CiU.

Big surprise: the Socialists triumph in the Basque Country. PNV nationalists retreat. The assassination of former socialist councilor at the hands of ETA, "will have been the cause? Or are there other less cyclical? In fact, another nationalist party in Catalonia (ERC) is the big loser of these elections.

10:14: On another front, Villarreal 1-0 defeat to Barcelona in the Nou Camp. A half hour of play and the Real Madrid eight points would be made. Is there a link? Apparently not.

Comics, elections and football, go on Sunday. I, then, am the same.

10:22: With 75% of votes counted, the 168 deputies out PSOE and the PP 154. As an absolute majority in Congress is 176 members (the total is 350), the PSOE only need to govern an alliance with CiU (CiU takes 10 MPs).

Esquerra had 8 members, now has only 3. IU was 5 and now 3.

10:36: 82% of votes counted, the PSOE is taking 14 seats ahead of the PP. And just to tie Barcelona.

10:49: 86% of votes counted, the PSOE has 12 members of the PP advantage. The PP has just recognized the victory of the PSOE. Llamazares acknowledges the failure of IU and announces it will no longer be the leader of the training. Zapatero approaches the balcony to greet the supporters of the PSOE. As they say here, is all the fish sold.

A few minutes from the end, Villarreal wins 2-1 at Barcelona ...

11:03: There are no elections, there is no league. Good Night, and Good Luck (we saved the girl Rajoy, but not the sophisticated Zapatero quotable quotes ...)

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GROUP PORTRAIT DICTATOR WITH FUND

The Latin American novel of the dictator is still alive in future generations. The forcefully demonstrates Jorge Eduardo Benavides in his recent A million suns (Alfaguara), which enormously ambitious narrative recreates the seven-year dictatorship populist Velasco Alvarado in Peru (1968-1975).

Benavides's main contribution to this subgenre is to show that behind the messianic vision of a man at the crossroads of all the threads, there is an environment very much willing to handle the chop. Velasco dictator appears here as being moody and paranoid but basically well-intentioned, faithful to the end in their revolutionary project, able to mourn at the way that the "ungrateful homeland" slaughter returns. As a character, fails to dominate the novel, Benavides is more interested in the military and civil environment conspire, are gaining ground, dreaming of the fall of Velasco. Among these is a young military more Montesinos, the most Machiavellian of all, willing even to sacrifice a relationship ("there are things that must be done even if it hurts") provided to consolidate state power at the first demonstrations against the regime. Montesinos emerge as a great creation, the novel earns interest every time he appears on stage.

Novela "power" rather than the dictator, then. A "microphysics of power" Foucault would say that it has always been, that power is never concentrated in one person, is diffuse and extends over infinite ramifications. Thus, in the Latin American novel, the charismatic and fearsome great leaders of the French style in I Roa Bastos, Supreme (1974), have given way to impose a puppet incapable of leading members of his court. May in fact never held power at all, and we have misread these novels: In Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), García Márquez and showed us a dictator who, as the novel progressed, was being supplanted with him by his close associates (must read this novel unnatural, like a magical realist text is, to the surprise of many, a precursor of the current thinking on the triumph of the simulacrum in contemporary society). The incident Trujillo Vargas Llosa in The Feast of the Goat (2000) is perhaps an exception to the rule, although even there the best parts of the novel have to do with the way in which Balaguer is manipulating the facts to become the unchallenged successor.

In recent years, several projects have expanded the narrative record of what is meant by "novel" Latin America (Aira and Bellatín, Zambra). The main trunk, the realist, the concern for social and political issues - however, remains very much alive. Since his first novel, Years useless (2002), Benavides was installed as one of the writers of the new generation settled central to these traditions. It is not difficult to see the shadow of Vargas Llosa in certain basic ideas of the project narrative, the way an entire society is corrupted to the abuse of power, for example - and also in the architectural structure of his novels, in skillful in incorporating the speech of the characters within their párrafos (“Sánchez Idíaquez esbozó una sonrisa inmensa, que le achinó el rostro, qué guapa estaba hoy Leticita, dijo, y ella frunció la nariz como ante un mal olor, cogió el abrigo del decano, que no usara ese diminutivo horrible con su nombre, por favor…”). También se puede reconocer la influencia no tan obvia del José Donoso más realista en el ritmo de las frases, en la minuciosa profusión de detalles que van dándole textura y densidad a sus novelas.

Un millón de soles tarda en armarse. Velasco aparece, enérgico, ambicioso; los militares y civiles de la corte –Tamariz, Carranza, Ravines, Montesinos, are portrayed with their ambitions and petty, parading women, but in this patriarchal society appear to serve only men to confess in the privacy of the bedroom, or sex. There are frames that are deployed in bulk, secret meetings continued while playing poker and drinking whiskey and gin with Bingo Club (these talks serve as a sort of Greek chorus, commenting on the action while advancing the novel). From the second half, tying the ends Benavides is the world of the novel becomes intelligible and dynamic.

Benavides's gamble is risky: instead of focusing on important government sometime de Velasco - a catalyst to explain to us which meant that regime - the Peruvian writer has opted for a more panoramic view, encompassing, in which a series of events will mark out the seven of the revolutionary government: the nationalization of U.S. oil companies, the deportation of opponents, the arrival of Yugoslav advisors to transform the industrial model, the nationalization of the press, the police strike. Benavides is winning points, as suggested Cortázar winning novels, but in reality it is a trap: the last fifty pages and exciting show that what Benavides wanted was to win by knock-out . It does.

(published in the English edition of Letras Libres, March 2008)

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HUGO CHAVEZ AND THE ENGLISH

CANTV, the company Venezuela's largest telephone, began a campaign this week to defend the use of English among their employees. The company, bought not long ago by the government of Hugo Chavez, calls the campaign: "Say it in Castilian, say it with pride." The Venezuelan government statement, we suggest some English words to avoid such frequent use of certain words in English: team, not staff, sponsor and sponsor not ; meeting and not meeting ; mouse, not mouse , server, and not host , telesales and telemarketing not .

Chavez has done many things worthy of our most picturesque dictators (the change of half an hour, for example). In this context, the language policy that wants to implement a consistent measure, in keeping with their fight against "cultural imperialism" of the U.S. (Chavez populism incoherent rather the economic policy toward the great empire: America is the biggest buyer of Venezuelan oil.) In fact, for quite some time "before the arrival of the" pro-American "Sarkozy - the French tried, as part of its cultural, everyday speech banish concepts like France weekend, OK and boss.

What Chavez does not seem to know is that simply can not legislate people's language. Hierarchies, the English Language Academy, dictionaries, governments - can propose anything they want, but in the short and long the street is available. And the street in Latin America, receives every day a merciless barrage of words in English, and appropriates it needs, of which sound good. An Argentine writer who lives in Spain once told me, purist him that their policy language was very simple: if the word was going to use Castilian equivalent, since he used the word in Castilian. Therefore, wearing jeans instead of jeans. But I said that, for a Latin American, even English-sounding word, jeans was very artificial, while jeans was natural.

If the main trunk of a language is strong (and the English is) words from other languages \u200b\u200bthat are incorporated into this as strengthen, enrich it. The strength of English comes largely from the ease with which he adapted words from other languages \u200b\u200b(due mainly to the United States there is no Language Academy to act as a safeguard and is dedicated to monitor the entry of other words English, nor is there a dictionary "official"). Remember that there have been other times when the English language purists have pulled their hair at the linguistic invasion. By the late nineteenth century, the cultural primacy of France gave the English a lot of gallic acid. The English not only survived the Gallicisms, but the modernist writers, flagged by Darius, founded the modern Latin American literature thanks largely to her admiration for the words and the internal rhythms of the French language.

So, good luck to Chavez with his proposal. Meanwhile, I write in Castilian and proudly publish this article in the newspaper, but also send email to my friends, I will hang on my blog, and give everyone permission to that linker. Because email and blog and link already in the English, right?